Abnormal Psychology, 2nd Edition Test Bank

Chapter 2: Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology Multiple Choice 1. Emotion is processed in the ______. a. brain only b. autonomic nervous system only c. spinal cord d. brain and autonomic nervous system Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Chapter Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. One purpose of the sympathetic nervous system is to a. allow individuals to feel empathy toward other people b. calm a person down after being startled c. make us feel excited and move blood to our muscles d. transmit information regarding fine motor movements to the muscles Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Chapter Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The chapter begins by introducing the case of David, a person with Capgras syndrome. The fact that David did not show any changes in electrodermal activity (EDA) when viewing pictures of people close to him suggests that a. there was significant damage to his frontal lobe b. there was a disconnect between his visual face perception areas and the emotional centers of the brain c. he was likely a sociopath d. he had a dissociative disorder Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Chapter Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Brain imaging techniques make it possible to a. determine how people with mental disorders perform cognitive and emotional tasks differently from those with no disorder b. diagnose a mental disorder that a person may have c. determine which mental disorder a person may have d. determine which treatment plan is best for an individual with a mental disorder Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level:Medium 5. The brain is incredibly intricate, with neuroscientists estimating that there are approximately ______ different connections in the human brain! a. 500 billion b. 5 trillion c. 50 trillion d. 500 trillion Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location:The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______are the basic building element of the brain. a. Electrons b. Neurons c. Electrodes d. Neutrons Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The structures closest to the midline dividing the brain’s left and right hemisphere are referred to as______. a. medial b. posterior c. dorsal d. lateral Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location:A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function Difficulty Level:Easy 8. Mrs. Lennox suffers a stroke, damaging a portion of her parietal lobe. Mrs. Lennox will MOST likely experience difficulty in______. a. speech comprehension b. spatial thinking c. object recognition d. goal-directed movement Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function Difficulty Level:Medium 9. Because the parietal lobe is located behind the ______, it is considered ______ to it. a. central sulcus; anterior b. central sulcus; posterior c. corpus callosum; anterior d. corpuscallosum; posterior Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function Difficulty Level:Medium 10. A synapse is a______. a. signal b. chemical c. gap d. joint Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neurons and Neural Transmission Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The ______ is an “all-or-none” electrical signal that travels down the axon. a. synapse b. action potential c. dendrite d. myelin sheath Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neurons and Neural Transmission Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The ______ is an insulating material that covers the axon and allows the electrical signals to travel at greater speeds. a. synapse b. action potential c. dendrite d. myelin sheath Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neurons and Neural Transmission Difficulty Level: Easy 13. In a chemical synapse, the ______ secretes neurotransmitters that are then received by the ______ and change the physiological state of the next neuron. a. presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic channel receptors b. synaptic cleft; presynaptic channel receptors c. dendrites; action potential d. deoxyribonucleic acid; postsynaptic terminal Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neurons and Neural Transmission Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Cocaine inhibits dopamine from being reclaimed by the neuron that sent it into the synapse. Cocaine therefore increases the amount of dopamine present in the synapse by inhibiting a process called______. a. restoration b. reuptake c. recycling d. reuse Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: How Does the Neuron Pass Information? Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Most medications used for the treatment of mental illness influence the neurotransmitters in the ______. a. synapse b. action potential c. dendrite d. myelin sheath Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Does the Neuron Pass Information? Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Not all neurotransmitters have the same structure. As compared with small-molecule neurotransmitters,larger ______ are involved in slower, ongoing neural activity. a. glutamate molecules b. neuropeptides c. serotonin d. GABA Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Major Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Medium 17. ______ may be considered the brain’s primary neurotransmitter. a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Glutamate d. GABA Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Major Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Easy 18. At the neural level, information is encoded by the ______ of action potentials. a. intensity b. complexity c. duration d. frequency Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Encoding Information Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Gloria’s classmate whispers a comment to her during a lecture. The instructor loudly asks the classmates if there’s something she’d like to share with the class. Neurons in Gloria’s ______ lobe should fire more ______ during the instructor’s call-out than during the classmate’s comment. a. occipital; intensely b. occipital; rapidly c. temporal; intensely d. temporal; rapidly Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Encoding Information Difficulty Level: Hard 20. Which statement is FALSE regarding spike trains? a. The neurons connected to sensory systems all produce similar action potentials to external stimuli. b. Spike trains are only found in specific regions of the brain. c. The rate of spiking increases as the stimulus becomes larger. d. If a given stimulus is continued for a long period of time, the spiking will decrease. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Encoding Information Difficulty Level: Hard 21. Currently, the major brain imaging techniques do NOT include______. a. magnetoencephalography (MEG) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d. encephalectomy (EPA) Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? Difficulty Level: Medium 22. In ______, brain activity is assessed by recording electrical activity at the scalp. a. electroencephalography (EEG) b. magnetoencephalography (MEG) c. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET) Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? Difficulty Level: Easy 23. In ______, brain activity is assessed bymeasuring small magnetic field gradients entering and exiting and entering the scalp. a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electroencephalography (EEG) c. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) d. magnetoencephalography (MEG) Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? Difficulty Level: Easy 24. In a method called ______, researchers use an MRI magnet to track the pattern of cortical connections in the brain. a. magnetoencephalography (MEG) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. electroencephalography (EEG) d. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab on campus. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The brain-scanning technique used in this study is ______. a. diffusion tension imaging (DTI) b. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Electroencephalography Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The ______ pattern of electrical activity in the brain is associated not only with memory performance but also with coordinating emotional information between the limbic areas and the frontal areas of the brain. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Electroencephalography Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Gemma drifts from alert wakefulness to a drowsy state as she finishes studying. An electroencephalogram would reveal a change from a(n) ______ pattern of brain activity to a(n) ______ pattern. a. beta; alpha b. alpha; beta c. theta; delta d. delta; theta Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Electroencephalography Difficulty Level: Hard 28. Jackie is using cocaine. While cocaine use is associated with a variety of EEG patterns, the text implies that ______ activity is among these patterns. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Electroencephalography Difficulty Level: Hard 29. In the brain, the ______ pattern of electrical activity is associated with the inhibitionof the activity of other brain areas. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Electroencephalography Difficulty Level: Difficult 30. EEG activity related to a particular event, such as the presentation of a picture or sound, is called ______. a. classical conditioning b. event-related potentials (ERPs) c. a spike train d. diffusion tension imaging (DTI) Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Evoked Potentials Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Event-related potentials are ______ evoked potentials. a. different from b. the opposite of c. the same as d. similar to Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location:Evoked Potentials Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The main advantage of magnetoencephalography (MEG) over electroencephalography (EEG) is that MEG a. does not expose the individual to radiation b. is less costly and timeconsuming c. better localizes the spatial origin of the signal d. is less invasive to the individual Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Magnetoencephalography Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Dr. Munakata is using a strong magnet to track bloodoxygen changes in participants’ brains as they complete decision-making tasks. Dr. Munakata is using ______ to examine the brain’s activity. a. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. electroencephalography (EEG) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Individuals with schizophrenia display (1) decreased brain volumeand (2) a loss of white matter in the brain. Findings 1 and 2MOST likely reflect the results of brain imaging research using ______ and ______, respectively. a. DTI; fMRI b. fMRI; EEG c. fMRI; DTI d. EEG; DTI Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Difficulty Level: Hard 35. A researcher plots the amount of white matter in the brain as a function of participants’ age, from childhood through old age. Higher values on the y-axis indicate more white matter. The graph’s function should resemble a(n) ______. a. straight, negativelysloped line b. inverted U c. U-shaped curve d. horizontal line Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Difficulty Level: Hard 36. Which brain imaging method has the LEAST precise temporal resolution? a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electroencephalography (EEG) c. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d. magnetoencephalography (MEG) Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Spatial and Temporal Resolution Difficulty Level: Medium 37. ______ is a field of ethical inquiry that is asking how brain processes are involved in making moral decisions, as well as who should have access to your internal processes. a. Behavioral ethics b. Neuroethics c. Humanethics d. Decision ethics Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location:Neuroethics Difficulty Level: Easy 38. According to the text, “With the increased sophistication of brain imaging technology came the increased ability to view the manner in which various areas of the brain work together.” The focus on connections between brain areas implied in this statement MOST immediately brings to mind the brain imaging technique called ______. a. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. electroencephalography (EEG) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Networks of the Brain Difficulty Level: Medium 39. White matter allows for long-range connections between neurons, facilitating networking. Roughly ______ of the brain is white matter. a. 10% b. 90% c. 45% d. 25% Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Neurons Connect in a Network Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Shannon is studying in her room, concentrating on a passage in her chemistry textbook and solving a few practice problems. Suddenly, she notices how chilly the room is. In Shannon’s brain, activity of the ______ network has momentarily interrupted processing in the ______ network. a. central executive; salience b. salience; central executive c. default; central executive d. salience; default Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Neurons Connect in a Network Difficulty Level: Hard 41. The ______ network is the neural network that is active during internal processes. a. central executive b. default c. salience d. sensory Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location:What Is the Brain’s Default(Intrinsic) Network? Difficulty Level: Easy 42. The default network is also called the ______ network. a. central executive b. dorsal attention c. salience d. intrinsic Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:What Is the Brain’s Default(Intrinsic) Network? Difficulty Level: Medium 43. William James’s notion of the stream of consciousness BEST describes activity in the ______ network. a. central executive b. dorsal attention c. default d. salience Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:What Is the Brain’s Default(Intrinsic) Network? Difficulty Level: Medium 44. According to the textbook, people with schizophrenia have difficulty inhibiting the ______ network. a. default b. central executive c. salience d. sensory Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:What Is the Brain’s Default(Intrinsic) Network? Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Manny is staring absentmindedly out of the window of the city bus on his way home from work. He is not looking at anything in particular and letting his mind wander.Manny’s ______ network is MOST likely active in his brain. a. central executive b. salience c. default d. dorsal attention Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:What Is the Brain’s Default(Intrinsic) Network? Difficulty Level: Medium 46. The concept of ______describes how specific areas of the brain are dedicated to certain types of processes. a. connectivity b. modularity c. functionality d. specificity Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Easy 47. “Different areas of the brain perform different functions.” This statement refers to the concept of ______. a. inhibition b. connectivity c. modularity d. excitation Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Easy 48. “For example, Broca’sarea in the left frontal lobe is dedicated to speech production, whereas the fusiform face area is specialized for processing faces,” lectures a psychology instructor. The instructor is MOST likely describing the concept of ______. a. inhibition b. connectivity c. excitation d. modularity Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Hard 49. ______ refers to the idea that different areas of the brain work together in specific circumstances. a. Connectivity b. Modularity c. Functionality d. Specificity Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Keeping in mind the small-world framework, modularity and connectivity are BEST described as ______ concepts. a. unrelated b. complementary c. similar d. synonymous Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Hard 51. The study of environmental factors that turn genes on and off and are passed to the next generation is referred to as ______. a. epigenetics b. Mendel’s first law of segregation c. Mendel’s second law of assortment d. the Genome Project Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Genetics and Psychopathology Difficulty Level: Moderate 52. A friend tells you she is fascinated by the way the environment affects the expression of genetic potential. You suggest she explore the field of ______. a. replication b. epigenetics c. lifespan development d. genetics Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Genetics and Psychopathology Difficulty Level: Moderate 53. The study of genetics began with the work of______. a. Gregor Mendel b. Heinrich Hertz c. Thomas Young d. Albert Michelson Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Study of Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Mendel’s law of ______ states that both nondominant elements must be present for a recessive trait to appear. a. independent assortment b. conservation c. segregation d. attraction Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Study of Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Mendel’s law of ______ states that the inheritance of the gene of one trait is not affected by the inheritance of the gene for another trait. a. independent assortment b. conservation c. segregation d. attraction Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Study of Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy 56. A single deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, along with the proteins attached to it, is called a(n)______. a. helix b. histone c. allele d. chromosome Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Study of Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium 57. When a person has two copies of the same allele, she or he is said to be ______ for that allele. a. homozygous b. unizygous c. heterozygous d. monozygous Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Medium 58. If the allele of a particular gene from the father differs from the allele of the same gene from the mother, the person is ______ for that gene. a. phenotypic b. heterozygous c. polymorphic d. homozygous Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Maddie receives the brown-eyed allele of the eyecolor gene from her motherbut the blueeyed allele of the eyecolor gene from her father. Maddie is ______ for the eyecolor gene. a. heterozygous b. phenotypic c. polymorphic d. homozygous Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Medium 60. When a person has two different alleles for a particular gene, he or she is said to be ______ for those alleles. a. homozygous b. multizygous c. heterozygous d. dizygous Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Moderate 61. The job of a gene is to lay out the process by which a particular protein is made, or to ______ a protein. a. decode b. encode c. process d. direct Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Easy 62. A ______ is the blueprint that provides instructions to the body, whereas the person’s ______ is the trait that is expressed on the outside. a. protein; genotype b. phenotype; DNA c. phenotype; genotype d. genotype; phenotype Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Medium 63. Even identical twins with the same ______ can display a different ______ if their environmental conditions differ during their development. a. genotype; phenotypes b. predispositions; growth patterns c. phenotype; genotypes d. alleles; behaviors Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Medium 64. Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. These traits are part of his ______. a. genotype b. karyotype c. phenotype d. archetype Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Medium 65. George and Henry are identical twins. George was raised by his mother, and Henry was raised by his father. Based on this information, one can conclude that the boys’ a. phenotypes will be the same because their genotypes are exactly the same b. phenotypes will be different even though their genotypes are exactly the same c. genotypes will be different because their phenotypes are different d. genotypes will be the same because their phenotypes are the same Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Hard 66. In order for an individual’s genetic material to be manifest in the individual’s observable characteristics, the information in the DNA must first do what? a. be encoded in ribonucleic acid (RNA) b. determine the sequence of amino acids c. go to the part of the cell capable of proteins d. produce proteins by producing amino acids Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DNA Difficulty Level: Medium 67. Strands of DNA consist of four types of nucleotides that are identical except for the base. Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases? a. adenine b. guanine c. cryosine d. thymine Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: DNA Difficulty Level: Hard 68. Whether a segment of DNA is relaxed or condensed—and therefore able or unable to be activated—is influenced by epigenetic ______. a. histones b. inheritances c. alleles d. marks or tags Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Epigenetic Processes Difficulty Level: Medium 69. In ______ inheritance, the environment and experiences of your ancestors may have marked their genes such that the total copy you receive is different from the copy they started with. a. Mendelian b. epigenetic c. mitochondrial d. biological Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Epigenetic Processes Difficulty Level: Medium 70. In ______ inheritance, DNA is inherited only from the mother, in clear violation of the classical Mendelian view. a. Mendelian b. epigenetic c. mitochondrial d. biological Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance Difficulty Level: Easy 71. Which is NOT true about the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? a. MtDNA is stable and mutates very slowly. b. MtDNA is separate from the DNA found in the cell’s nucleus. c. MtDNA is inherited only from the father. d. The dysfunction of the mtDNA is likely involved in specific mental disorders. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance Difficulty Level: Medium 72. Which insight BEST reflects a contribution of the evolutionary perspective to our understanding of psychopathology? a. Psychopathology may reflect unconscious conflicts. b. Psychopathology may reflect behaviors and traits that might be especially functional in some contexts. c. Psychopathology may reflect negative or distorted thinking patterns. d. Psychopathology may reflect the difficulty some people have in finding meaning or satisfaction in life. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 73. Harpending and Sobus (1987) suggest that some personality disorders can represent behaviors that were once adaptations. They explicitly cite ______ personality disorder and ______ personality disorder. a. psychopathic; histrionic b. schizoid; histrionic c. psychopathic; narcissistic d. schizoid; narcissistic Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 74. Which personality trait is shared by those with psychopathic personality disorder and those with histrionic personality disorder? a. cold b. emotional c. manipulative d. callous Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 75. Psychopathic personality disorder is to histrionic personality disorder as ______ is to ______. a. dishonest; callous b. sexuality; dominance c. female; male d. callous; emotional Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 76. Larissa is often described as “dramatic” or “theatrical.” She is always “on” and always wants to be the center of attention. She is extremely emotional and often exaggerates the things that happen to her. Larissa’s example BEST illustrates ______ personality disorder. a. histrionic b. psychopathic c. avoidant d. narcissistic Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 77. Johnlies, cheats, and steals. He doesn’t care how he hurts others. Based solely on this information, John’s case BEST illustrates ______ personality disorder. a. histrionic b. psychopathic c. avoidant d. narcissistic Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 78. From an evolutionary perspective, both psychopathic and histrionic personality disorder reflect adaptive strategies related to ______. a. dominance b. sexuality c. creativity d. safety Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Which of these animals’ sleep is characterized by putting one half of the brain to sleep while the other half remains awake? a. elephants b. primates c. lizards d. dolphins Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 80. Which statement is FALSE with respect to sleep in different species? a. Birds do not sleep. b. All animals are impaired by sleep deprivation. c. Similar mechanisms control sleep across species. d. Some animals sleep standing up. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 81. Matthew believes that one of his cats exhibits a potential feline analogue of autism spectrum disorder. This hypothesis is MOST likely suggested by the ______ perspective on psychopathology. a. psychodynamic b. evolutionary c. cognitive d. existential-humanistic Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location:Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. Emotions are only processed in the brain. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Chapter Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Currently, there is no neuroscience technique that can definitively diagnose a given individual with a particular mental disorder. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The parietal lobe is immediately anterior to the central sulcus. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function Difficulty Level: Medium 4. There are more than 100 different neurotransmitters in the brain. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Major Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Brain waves are slow and steady during REM sleep. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Electroencephalography Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures the ratio of hemoglobin with and without oxygen to map changes in cortical blood and infer neuronal activity. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Nearly 75% of the brain is made up of white matter. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neurons Connect in a Network Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The intrinsic network is the brain’s default network. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network? Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Two different brain areas that are active during a particular task are probably part of the same network. Ans:T Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The environment can influence the activation of genes through epigenetic marks or tags. Ans:T Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Epigenetic Processes Difficulty Level: Medium 11. How a mother takes care of her offspring can make epigenetic changes. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Epigenetic Processes Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Mitochondrial DNA comes from both an organism’s father and his mother. Ans:F Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Dolphins sleep with one half of their brain awake. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Only humans show deficits in response to lack of sleep. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium Completion (Fill-in-the-Blank) 1. The almond shaped structure on each side of the brain that is connected to other structures in the limbic system is called the ______. Ans: amygdala Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Chapter Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another are called ______. Ans: neurotransmitters Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Major Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______potentialsis another phrase for event-related potentials. Ans: Evoked Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evoked Potentials Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Of the neuroscientific research methods described in the textbook, ______ and electroencephalography have the MOST precise temporal resolution. Ans: magnetoencephalography Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Spatial and Temporal Resolution Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The ______ network is the neural network involved in monitoring and noting important changes in biological and cognitive systems. Ans: salience Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neurons Connect in a Network Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Cognitive tasks involved in planning, understanding new situations, and cognitive flexibility are called ______ functions. Ans: executive Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A recessive trait may be inherited only if a gene’s recessive allele is inherited from both parents. This is Mendel’s first law, the law of ______. Ans: segregation Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Study of Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium 8. ______ are made up of amino chains from DNA and do the body’s work. Ans: Proteins Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Do Genes Do? Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ are processes intervening between a gene—the genotype—and its outward appearance—the phenotype. Ans: Endophenotypes Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Endophenotypes? Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Individuals with ______ personality disorder may be described as “high-maintenance drama queens.” Ans: histrionic Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Discuss how scientists in the 19th and early 20th pursued the neuroscience approach to normal and disordered mental function. Make explicit reference to at least two of the following individuals: Broca, Wundt, and Jung. How might these scientists’ work be seen as limited in comparison to contemporary neuroscientific research? Ans: Scientists in the 19th and early 20th century attempted to make inferences about the brain activity underlying thought by studying animals and people who had suffered brain damage. Broca studied the brains of his patients who had died. In addition, psychologists such as Jung and Wundt sought a window into cognition in the form of simple behaviors like word associations and reaction time. Finally, Jung tried to relate thought to the body’s physiological responses by measuring the electrical conductivity of the skin. These techniques are limited because they are indirect; they do not image brain activity directly, as current techniques do. Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, genetics, and an evolutionary perspective are increasingly important in understanding psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location:The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Outline, in order, the six steps involved in passing information from one neuron to another. Ans: (1) Neurotransmitters are created and stored; (2)an action potential travels down the axon to the terminal; (3) a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse; (4) the neurotransmitter binds with specific proteins in the next neuron; (5) this either increases or decreases the possibility the next neuron will create an action potential; and (6) the synapse is made neutral again. Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe how information is communicated within the human brain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location:How Does the Neuron Pass Information? Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Provide an example of a research question for which it is critical that a brain imaging technique has good spatial resolution. Provide an example of a research question for which it is critical that a brain imaging technique has good temporal resolution. For each question, identify and briefly describe a specific neuroimaging technique that would be appropriate. Ans: Spatial research question: You are interested in differences in hippocampal volume in individuals with and without schizophrenia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would provide an image of the brain structure in question. MRI uses a large magnet to measure blood oxygen levels in the brain. Temporal research question: Differences in processing time in spoken versus written text in individuals with autism. Electroencephalography (EEG) would be appropriate— EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Spatial and Temporal Resolution Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Several ethical questions have been raised with regard to who should have access to one’s internal processes and implications for genetic discoveries. Describe one of these issues and the evidence to support both sides. Ans: This could be a description of issues related to eugenics, sharing one’s own genetic information with other third parties, or sharing incidental findings with individuals. Be sure the test taker describes both sides of the ethical argument. For example, sharing information that an individual might have the potential to experience schizophrenia with an insurance company might lead to a system that charges higher premiums up front to then offset the potential cost of treatment later. However, it is possible that the person never will experience schizophrenia throughout his or her life. Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the major techniques used to view the human brain at work, and their related ethical implications. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Neuroethics Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe the small-world framework.Explain how the framework offers a metaphor for the organization of neurons in the brain. Illustrate your answer with an example drawn from your own social connections or network. Ans: Just as the contact of any two random individuals in the world can be accomplished with a limited number of connections, any two nodes in the brain can be represented by only a limited number of connections. Neurons have many short-distance local connections, just as an individual has many friends in their local community. These connections form a hub. Each hub may be connected by a few long-distance connections to another hub, just as an individual’s network of local friends may be connected to a social network in a distant city by the friendships of one or two people. For example, I have many friends in my hometown of Lafayette, LA—my hub. This network is connected to a network in Athens, GA, by my friendship with a woman in that city. Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Neurons Connect in a Network Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Name and describe three of the brain’s networks. For each network, describe a specific instance of a situation from the past day or two in which the network may have been especially active in your brain. Ans: Default or intrinsic network.Involved in internal processing that does not require sensory input. Example situation: Allowing one’s mind to wander on a city bus or commuter train; allowing one’s thoughts to drift when one first goes to bed. Salience network: Monitors and notes important changes in biological and cognitive systems. Example situation: Suddenly realizing one is hungry at 1:30 in the afternoon; one’s thoughts turn to food and where to get it. Central executive network: Involved in planning, goal setting, directing attention, and inhibiting impulses. Example situation: Writing a to-do list for the day, planning to set a goal of reading half a chapter of a textbook between the end of a work shift and the beginning of an evening class. Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain what brain networks are and how they influence human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Neurons Connect in a Network Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Suppose that blue eyes and curly hair are recessive traits. Use this information to define and illustrate Mendel’s first and second laws. Ans: First law—the law of segregation. For a recessive trait to appear, an organism must have inherited the trait from both its parents. A blue-eyed child must have inherited the blue-eye allele of the eye color gene from both its mother and its father. Second law—law of independent assortment. The inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another. A blue-eyed child may be curlyhaired or not. The recessive blue-eyed trait is completely independent of the recessive curlyhaired trait. Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Epigenetic Processes Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Briefly describe the epigenetic process and how might relate to mental illnesses. Ans: The environment can influence the epigenetic marks or tags, which then can influence the coding of genes. It may be that specific aspects of a woman’s environment triggered the coding of a gene that later resulted in the experience of a mental illness in her children. Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain the function of genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Epigenetic Processes Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Discuss two ways that an evolutionary perspective expands our understanding of psychopathology. Ans: The evolutionary perspective expands our understanding of mental illness by directing us to ask whether particular disorders are universal across cultures and persistent through historical time. In this way, we might learn how and when disorders originated in the human population. The evolutionary perspective also directs us to consider how disorders may be related to traits that might be adaptive. Learning Objective: 2.6 Ask critical questions about psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium