Test Bank for Criminal Justice Today An Introductory Text for the, 21st Century, 15th Edition

Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) If you are looking for national crime statistics and want data on crimes reported to the police, you should use which of the following sources of data? 1) _______ A) A self-report survey B) The National Crime Victimization Survey C) The Uniform Crime Reports D) None of the above 2) Which agency is responsible for the National Crime Victimization Survey? A) The Bureau of Justice Statistics 2) _______ B) The Federal Bureau of Investigation C) The US Department of Defense and Criminal Statistics D) The Central Intelligence Agency 3) Why is the main reason why the Crime Index no longer included in the UCR? A) No one was using it so the FBI stopped calculating it. 3) _______ B) There are so many larcenies that this crime overshadows more serious index crimes. C) The Crime Index does not permit comparisons across jurisdictions or over time. D) Too many types of crime are not included. 4) For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR? A) A study examining crime patterns in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s 4) _______ B) A study examining changes in the overall crime rate in the U.S. over time C) A study examining multiple crimes that occur within a single incident D) A study examining rates of motor vehicle thefts in the U.S. today 5) Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s? A) The Depression 5) _______ B) The baby boom C) Generation X D) Increasingly strict laws and an expanded justice system 6) According to the text, what should we expect to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics? _______ A) Crime rates will level off and remain stable for the foreseeable future. B) The crime rate will continue to decline until it reaches the low crime rates characteristic of the 1950s. 6) C) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase. D) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to continue until at least 2020. 7) The ________ is a traditional measure of investigative effectiveness that compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means. 7) _______ A) justification rate C) clearance rate B) probability factor D) solvability factor 8) All of the following are Part I violent crime offenses except A) aggravated assault. B) rape. 8) _______ C) prostitution. D) murder. 9) Which weapon is used most often to commit murder? A) Blunt objects B) Shotguns C) Handguns D) Knives 9) _______ 10) A ________ involves killing at least four victims at one location during one event. A) spree murder B) mass murder 10) ______ C) serial murder D) None of the above 11) Which Part I crime has the highest clearance rate? A) Robbery B) Arson C) Rape D) Murder 11) ______ 12) Rape committed without force that involves a victim under the age of consent is generally known as 12) ______ A) date rape. B) sexual battery. C) sexual assault. D) statutory rape. 13) The most common reason why rape victims choose NOT to report their victimization is A) exploitation by the criminal justice system. 13) ______ B) embarrassment about the crime itself. C) a fear of reprisal. D) the belief that the police can’t do anything. 14) Most rapes are committed by A) a stranger. B) an acquaintance of the victim. 14) ______ C) a relative of the victim. D) the victim’s spouse. 15) ________ robbery does not involve the use of a weapon. A) Highway B) Strong-arm C) Street D) Urban 15) ______ 16) The unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another is the crime of 16) ______ A) aggravated assault. B) attempted murder. C) simple assault. D) reckless conduct. 17) ________ is defined as the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. A) Burglary B) Arson C) Assault D) Robbery 17) ______ 18) According to the UCR/NIBRS Program, which of the following is not a classification of burglary? A) Lawful entry where force is used B) Forcible entry 18) ______ C) Attempted forcible entry D) Unlawful entry where no force is used 19) ________ refers to events where social media directs people—often teenagers—to go to retail stores and rob them. 19) ______ A) Social mobs B) Social crimes C) Flash mobs D) Flash robs 20) ________ is the unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property, from the possession or constructive possession of another. 20) ______ A) Criminal trespass B) Larceny/Theft C) Robbery D) Burglary 21) Each of the following offenses falls under the category of larceny except A) robbery. B) bicycle thefts. 21) ______ C) thefts from motor vehicles. D) shoplifting. 22) What is the most common form of larceny? A) Pocket picking B) Stealing from coin-operated machines 22) ______ C) Stealing motor vehicle parts D) Purse snatching 23) Shoulder surfing and dumpster diving are techniques used to commit which crime? A) Embezzlement B) Robbery 23) ______ C) Burglary D) Identity theft 24) When are Part II offenses counted? A) When a person is convicted of the crime 24) ______ B) When a crime is committed C) When a person is taken into custody D) When a crime is reported to the police 25) The dark figure of crime refers to A) crime that is not reported to the police. 25) ______ C) crimes committed by the police. B) crime that occurs at night. D) bias crimes. 26) Which of the following crime victims would not be included in the sample of individuals surveyed for the NCVS? 26) ______ A) A 75-year-old man whose computer was stolen during a home burglary B) A 14-year-old girl who was sexually assaulted by a neighbor C) A 20-year-old college student whose car was stolen D) A 10-year old boy who was beaten up and whose bicycle was stolen 27) The National Crime Victimization Survey does not include information about which crime? A) Burglary B) Murder C) Robbery D) Assault 27) ______ 28) Which of the following is a problem with the UCR program? A) The UCR often includes information on non-criminal events. 28) ______ B) No attempt is made to validate the information obtained by crime victims who are interviewed by the UCR program. C) The UCR does not include data on crimes committed against children under the age of 12. D) The UCR does not include information on the dark figure of crime. 29) A classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders is known as a(n) 29) ______ A) crime typology. C) crime profile. B) crime analysis. D) crime map. 30) The use of the Internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication technologies to bully another person is known as 30) ______ A) cyberstalking. C) computer crime. B) stalking. D) hate crime. 31) The elderly are more likely than younger people to A) be victims of violent crimes. 31) ______ B) be victims of hate crimes. C) refuse to report their victimization to the police. D) be victimized by strangers. 32) Most hate crimes are motivated by A) religious bias. B) national origin. 32) ______ C) racial hatred. D) sexual orientation. 33) The economic downturn led to in a significant increase in which type of crime? A) Hate crime B) Transnational organized crime 33) ______ C) Cyberstalking D) Mortgage fraud scams 34) Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as ________ organized crime. 34) ______ A) transnational C) intercontinental B) overseas D) international 35) Phishing is a form of ________ crime. A) violent B) hate C) corporate D) computer 35) ______ TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false. 36) NIBRS represents a significant redesign of the original UCR program. 36) ______ 37) The clearance rate compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means (such as the death of the suspect). 37) ______ 38) Murders are usually committed by strangers. 38) ______ 39) In serial murder, there is some period of time between each killing. 39) ______ 40) Most researchers argue that the primary motive for rape is power rather than a desire for sexual gratification. 40) ______ 41) According to the hierarchy rule, only one criminal offense per criminal incident is recorded in the UCR. 41) ______ 42) Most burglars know their victims. 42) ______ 43) According to the UCR/NIBRS Program, larceny-theft is the most frequently reported major crime. 44) Identity theft is a form of larceny. 43) ______ 44) ______ 45) In the UCR, only information on arrests is collected for Part II crimes. 45) ______ 46) The dark figure of crime refers to crimes that are reported to the police. 46) ______ 47) NCVS interviewers validate the information obtained from victims against police records or other sources. 47) ______ 48) When women are victims of violent crime, they are less likely to be injured than men.48) ______ 49) Most stalking laws require that the perpetrator make a credible threat of violence against the victim or members of the victim’s immediate family. 49) ______ 50) The use of the Internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication technologies to bully another person is known as cyberstalking. 50) ______ 51) Most hate crimes are motivated by racial bias. 51) ______ 52) The elderly are more likely than younger people to be victims of violent crime. 53) The problem of mortgage fraud has been declining in the last decade. 54) A corporation can be convicted of a violation of the criminal law. 52) ______ 53) ______ 54) ______ 55) Most offenders obtain weapons from retail establishments. 55) ______ 56) Individuals who have been convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence are not allowed to own or use a firearm. 56) ______ 57) Drug violations are the main cause of the increase in the prison population in the U.S. today. 57) ______ 58) Most crimes committed via the Internet are new forms of offending. 58) ______ SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 59) The Uniform Crime Reporting program is run by the ________. 59) ____________ 60) ________ data is obtained by surveying offenders and asking them to reveal illegal activity in which they have been involved. 60) ____________ 61) The Crime Index was discontinued because it was skewed by the large number of ________ reported to the police. 61) ____________ 62) U.S. involvement in World War II contributed to a significant ________ in crime in the U.S. 62) ____________ 63) Clearances are mainly determined on the basis of ________. 63) ____________ 64) ________ murders involve the killing of at least four victims during one event and at one location. ____________ 64) 65) Burglary is primarily a(n) ________ crime. 65) ____________ 66) Not all police departments make regular reports to the UCR on the Part I crime of ________. 66) ____________ 67) A crime ________ is a scheme used to classify crimes along some particular dimension. 67) ____________ 68) ________ is the repeated harassing and threatening behavior by one individual against another. 68) ____________ 69) The most common motivation for a hate crime is ________ bias. 69) ____________ 70) People who commit corporate crime are known as ________ criminals. 70) ____________ 71) ________ organized crime involves crimes committed by organized criminal groups that operate across national boundaries. 71) ____________ 72) Any crime perpetrated through the use of computer technology is known as ________. 72) ____________ MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the characteristic to the data source. 73) 74) 75) Collects information on the dark figure of crime Classifies robbery as a property crime Distinguishes between Part I and Part II crimes A) B) C) National Crime Victimization Survey Uniform Crime Reports National Incident Based Reporting System 73) 74) 75) ______ ______ ______ 76) Records all offenses occurring in an incident 76) ______ 77) Collects data from crime victims 77) ______ 78) Does not collect data on homicides 78) ______ Match the crime with the source of data on crime rates. 79) Homicide A) Uniform Crime Reports 79) ______ 80) Simple assault B) National Crime Victimization Survey 80) ______ 81) Crimes not reported to the police C) Both the NCVS and the UCR 81) ______ 82) Arson 82) ______ 83) Robbery 83) ______ 84) Crimes against children under 12 84) ______ 85) Motor vehicle theft 85) ______ 86) Attempted robbery 86) ______ 87) Aggravated assault 87) ______ Match the crime with the definition. 88) 89) 90) 91) 92) 93) Robbery Larceny Identity Theft Burglary Stalking Spree killing A) B) C) D) The unlawful taking or attempted taking of the property of another without use of force The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony Obtaining credit, merchandise, or services by fraudulent personal representation The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property by force or threat of force 88) 89) 90) 91) 92) 93) ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ E) Killings at least two separate locations with almost no time break between murders F) Repeated harassing and threatening behavior by one individual against another 94) 95) 96) Mass murder Hate crime White collar crime A) B) Crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation Killing at least four victims at one location within one event 94) 95) 96) ______ ______ ______ C) A crime motivated by personal bias or prejudice ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 97) Describe the UCR/NIBRS and the NCVS programs. How does each system serve a purpose in collecting and reporting crime data? Compare and contrast the two programs. What advantages does NIBRS have over the traditional UCR? 98) Identify the three major shifts in victimization patterns that have been identified since crime statistics were first gathered. Explain the causes of each. What is expected to occur in the near future and why? 99) The U.S. Department of Justice suggests several reasons for the decline of crime from the years 1991-2012. List and explain three of those reasons. 100) What are Part I crimes? List and define the four Part I violent offenses. 101) List and define the four Part I property offenses. 102) What are flash robs? How do flash robs differ from flash mobs? Define this crime and explain how it works, who commits flash robs, how many people are involved, and the issues facing store employees and owners. 103) What is identity theft? Define identity theft, discuss the various types of techniques used by identity thieves and the problems the crime creates for victims, and review the recent federal laws passed in an effort to combat identity theft. 104) The eight Part I crimes included in the UCR have not been changed since 1979. How has the nature of crime in the U.S. changed since 1979 and how should the Part I crime category be changed to better reflect crime in the U.S. today? What impact would this have on crime statistics? 105) Explain hate crimes and review the various categories that are protected under federal hate crime laws. What other categories of individuals or groups that are not protected under the law might be targets for hate crimes? Why might some groups be protected while others are not? 106) Recent concerns about gun crime in the wake of various mass shootings has led to increased debate about gun control. Discuss the role of gun control and the constitutional guarantees of the right to bear arms. Include an analysis of the 2015 shootings at the Emanuel AME Church and Umpqua Community College, as well as the 2012 shootings in Newtown and Aurora, and discuss the effect they had on the communities and on gun control. 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) C 5) B 6) C 7) C 8) C 9) C 10) B 11) D 12) D 13) B 14) B 15) B 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) D 20) B 21) A 22) C 23) D 24) C 25) A 26) D 27) B 28) D 29) A 30) A 31) D 32) C 33) D 34) A 35) D 36) TRUE 37) TRUE 38) FALSE 39) TRUE 40) TRUE 41) FALSE 42) FALSE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE 45) TRUE 46) FALSE 47) FALSE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) FALSE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) FBI/Federal Bureau of Investigation 60) Self-report 61) larceny-theft 62) decrease 63) arrests 64) Mass 65) property 66) arson 67) typology 68) Stalking 69) racial 70) white-collar 71) Transnational 72) cybercrime 73) A 74) C 75) B 76) C 77) A 78) A 79) A 80) B 81) B 82) A 83) C 84) A 85) C 86) B 87) A 88) G 89) B 90) E 91) D 92) I 93) H 94) C 95) F 96) A 97) Answers should include a description of each program, as well as the criticisms of each. Students should emphasize the difference between a reporting program (UCR/NIBRS) and a self-report program (NCVS) and how the type of program affects the information obtained. Some discussion of the dark figure of crime should be included. Answers should also review the similarities and the significant differences between the two programs. A discussion of the reasons for the development of NIBRS and the advantages of an incident-based program over a summary program should be included. 98) Answers should include a discussion of each of the three shifts and the possible causes of each. The first was a decrease in crime in the early 1940s, which was linked to the start of World War II, as large numbers of crime-prone young males entered military service. The second shift was a dramatic increase in crime from the 1960s to the 1990s. This was linked to the postwar baby boomers entering their crime-prone teenage years, increased police professionalism, increased reporting of crime, and the social upheaval of the 1960s. The third shift was a decrease in crime beginning in the 1990s, which has been linked to an aging out of the post-WWII baby boomers, new strict laws, expanding funding for police and justice systems, changing crime-fighting technologies, economic factors, and the increase in crimes that are not counted by official reporting programs. There is evidence to suggest that a new cycle of increased crime may begin in the near future, which may be due in part to new and innovative forms of victimization not easily captured by official measures. 99) Answers should include a discussion of three of the following reasons: A coordinated, collaborative, and well-funded national effort to combat crime, beginning with the Safe Streets Act of 1968 and continuing through the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001; stronger, better-prepared criminal justice agencies, resulting from increased spending by federal and state governments on crime-control programs; the growth in popularity of innovative police programs, such as community policing; sentencing reform, including various “get tough on crime” initiatives; a strong victims’ movement and enactment of the 1984 federal Victims of Crime Act, and the 1994 Violence against Women Act, which established the Office for Victims of Crime in the U.S. Department of Justice; a substantial growth in the use of incarceration due to changes in sentencing law practice; the “war on drugs,” begun in the 1970s, which resulted in stiff penalties for drug dealers and repeat drug offenders; and advances in forensic science and enforcement technology, including the increased use of real-time communications, the growth of the Internet, and the advent of DNA evidence. 100) Answers should include an explanation of Part I crimes as the 8 serious crimes included in the UCR. The four violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Murder is the unlawful killing of one human being by another. Rape is unlawful sexual intercourse achieved through force and without consent. Robbery is a personal crime involving a face-to-face confrontation between a victim and a perpetrator. Aggravated assault is the unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another. 101) The four Part I property crimes are burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Burglary is the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft (excludes tents, trailers, and other mobile units used for recreational purposes). The three classifications include forcible entry, unlawful entry without force, and attempted forcible entry. Larceny-theft is the unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property, from the possession or constructive possession of another. Motor vehicles are excluded. Motor vehicle theft is the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. Arson is any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, and so on. 102) Answers should include a brief definition of flash mobs and how this concept has led to the more serious issue of flash robs, in which social media directs people to go to retail stores and rob them. A discussion of the characteristics of flash robs and the problems resulting from them should be included, along with an explanation of the costs of this crime for the victims. 103) Answers should include a definition of identity theft as a crime in which an impostor obtains key pieces of information, such as Social Security and driver’s license numbers, to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim. The impact on victims should be discussed, including the victim’s ruined credit history and the time needed to repair the financial damage. Federal acts such as the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (1998) and the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act (2004) should be reviewed. 104) Answers will vary but should include a discussion of some of the various types of crimes (such as white-collar crime, computer crime, and cybercrime) that are underrepresented in the UCR. 105) Answers will vary but should include a definition of hate crime and the main categories (race, religion, ethnicity/national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, and disability). Other possible categories that could be protected might include homelessness, age, and political affiliation. 106) Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the 2015 and 2012 shootings These events, among others, led to calls for gun control at both the state and national level. Constitutional guarantees of the right to bear arms have combined with historical circumstances to make ours a well-armed society. Guns are used in many types of crimes. Both federal and state governments have responded to the public concern over the ready availability of handguns.