Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach To Health, 2nd Edition Test Bank

Chapter 2: Research Methods CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What is the purpose of the Food and Drug Administration? a. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans and animals. b. It is the agency that monitors research studies. c. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans. d. It is the agency that approves research studies. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 26 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Factual 2. According to the Johns Hopkins research example in the text, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was responsible for a. Approving the sale of new drugs for asthma. b. Approving the distribution of drugs for humans. c. Investigating the death of an individual with asthma. d. Investigating the death of a healthy individual involved in a study about asthma. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 26 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Factual 3. Rolando works for the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). What type of work does Rolando do? a. He monitors research involving human subjects. b. He monitors research involving human and animal subjects. c. He approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans. d. He supervises individuals working for the Food and Drug Administration. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 26 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Applied Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 4. The term _____ refers to the death of a study participant or any injury or illness to a participant as a result of their involvement in an approved research study. a. “Toxicity” b. “Adverse event” c. “Hexamethonium” d. “Critical issue” Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 26 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Factual 5. When considering a research study, one of the primary criteria for research scientists is that they must a. Balance the potential benefits of the study with the potential harm to participants. b. Ensure they are not using healthy subjects. c. Ensure they are not using unhealthy subjects. d. Create ethical guidelines for the sale and distribution of any medication being studied. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 27 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Conceptual 6. One aspect of the field of epidemiology involves a. Reviews of health policies and procedures for research institutions. b. Investigation of situations where research subjects were harmed. c. Efforts to control the spread of health problems amongst populations. d. Oversight of research review boards. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 27 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Conceptual 7. Epidemiologists are analogous to a. Psychologists. b. Medical detectives. c. Government workers. d. School teachers. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 27 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Conceptual 32 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 8. Which of the following is NOT a function performed by an epidemiologist? a. Identifying the earliest known human infected with a particular disease. b. Pinpointing the origins of an infection or a disease. c. Determining potential risks of disease. d. Developing health policies regarding the sale and distribution of medication for certain diseases or infections. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 27 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Conceptual 9. Dr. Nelson is studying infant mortality rates in Third World countries. In other words, Dr. Nelson is studying a. The number of live births. b. Infant survival rates. c. Infant death rates. d. Diseases commonly found in infants. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 28 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 10. Rita missed a class lecture on morbidity. What type of information would the lecture certainly have included? a. A discussion of the types of diseases that may eventually lead to death. b. A discussion of various medical treatments. c. A discussion of pediatric milestones. d. A discussion of death rates in underdeveloped countries. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 28 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 11. The two types of data used to report morbidity and mortality statistics are a. Raw data and disease susceptibility. b. Raw data and rates. c. Number of subjects studied and number of experiments performed. d. Risk factors and rates. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 28 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 33 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 12. According to the raw data on infant mortality statistics, which country had the highest number of infant deaths in 2008? a. Finland b. France c. United States d. Afghanistan Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 30 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 13. _____ had the lowest number of infant deaths in 2008, according to the raw data on infant mortality statistics. a. The United States b. Finland c. France d. Germany Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 14. Research scientists accurately compare mortality statistics across two or more countries by using a. Mortality rates. b. Raw data. c. Epidemiological statistics. d. Cross-comparisons. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 30 Topic: b-Heading Objective: Factual 15. According to the information on infant mortality statistics of 2008, France had the _____ highest raw number of infant deaths and the _____ highest mortality rate. a. First; first b. First; second c. Second; fifth d. Second; third Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 30 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 16. Isaac wants to know how quickly the HIV/AIDS virus is spreading among teenagers. When conducting his research, he will want to look at the number of new cases, or the _____ of the disease. a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Relative risk d. Mortality rates Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 30 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 17. _____ refers to the total number of cases (old and new) of a specific disease in a given population. a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Relative risk d. Morbidity Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 18. In 2005, the Ukraine reported an HIV prevalence rate of 1.4%, which indicates that a. 1.4% of all children in the Ukraine had HIV. b. 1.4% of all children ages 2–12 had HIV. c. 1.4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV. d. None of the above Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 3 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 19. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding “relative risk”? a. Relative risk involves the number of new cases of a disease. b. Relative risk is the total number of cases of a specific disease in a given population. c. Relative risk helps to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease by “members” of an exposed group. d. Relative risk is not a useful tool for gauging risks involved for a population exposed to disease. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 35 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 20. Which of the following variables is NOT considered a measure of the health of a population? a. Relative risk b. Morbidity c. Prevalence d. Adverse effects Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 21. Dr. Higgins is interested in the immediate, or _____ cause of a recent outbreak of the flu. a. Distal b. Proximal c. Incidental d. Ecological Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 22. Health scientists determined that the proximal cause of a gastrointestinal illness suffered by some who had eaten at various Taco Bell restaurants in December 2006 was due to a. A type of e. coli bacteria. b. Congenital defects. c. A type of staph infection. d. Symptoms of high blood pressure. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 32 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 23. Which of the following would be considered a distal cause of heart disease? a. Staph infection b. E. coli bacteria c. Congenital defects d. All of the above Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 32 Topic: b-Heading Objective: Conceptual 36 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 24. A distal cause of illness is also called a(n) a. Predisposing factor. b. Adverse effect. c. Proximal cause. d. Immediate cause. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 32 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 25. Proximal causes of illness involve _____ factors. a. Predisposing b. Precipitating c. Morbidity d. Distant Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 26. Margie is conducting a correlational study related to the amount of time spent studying and overall exam scores. This type of study is called a(n) a. Epidemiological study. b. Experimental study. c. Nonexperimental study. d. Proximal study. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 33 Topic: A-Heading Objective: Applied 27. Quantitative data is to numerical data as qualitative data is to a. Rated data. b. Raw data. c. Statistical data. d. Non-statistical data. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 37 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 28. A team of researchers is designing a study that will consist primarily of “contextual” data. Which type of study will they be using? a. An experimental study b. A quantitative study c. A qualitative study d. A correlational study Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 29. Gathering information about eating behaviors to determine the cause of a food-borne illness is an example of a. Qualitative data. b. Quantitative data. c. Incidental data. d. Experimental data. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 38 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 30. The West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States provides an example of the use of a(n) _____ approach to investigate the cause of illness. a. Correlational study b. Case study c. Experimental study d. Quantitative study Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 35 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 31. Which type of study is NOT considered “qualitative”? a. Correlational study b. Case study c. Focus group d. None of the above Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 33-36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 32. Which of the following is NOT a function of a focus group? a. To explore decision-making processes b. To generate insight c. To gather information d. To determine cause and effect relationships Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 35-36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 33. Focus groups are facilitated by a. A health psychologist. b. A moderator. c. A member of the group. d. A team leader. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 35 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 34. “Do you exercise on a daily basis?” is an example of a(n) _____ question. a. Open-ended b. Closed-ended c. Unstructured d. In-depth Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 35. _____ questions allow respondents to construct and deliver their own answers without regard to the length of their response. a. Open-ended b. Closed-ended c. Structured d. Simplified Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 39 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 36. Which of the following questions serves as an example of an open-ended question? a. “Is your birthday in April?” b. “What brings you to the doctor’s office today?” c. “Do you have children?” d. “Do you work outside of the home?” Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 37. _____ is used to determine whether or not a relationship exists between two or more variables. a. Case study research b. Experimental research c. Qualitative research d. Correlational research Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 38. A relationship between two variables is called a(n) a. Case study. b. Correlation. c. Focus group. d. Experiment. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 39. A correlation coefficient is a number between _____ and _____. a. +1.00; -1.00. b. +1.50; -1.50. c. +2.00; -2.00. d. +2.50; -2.50. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 40. A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate a. A positive correlation. b. A negative correlation. c. No correlation. d. A strong correlation. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 41. A psychologist is analyzing existing data from an existing database to determine health behaviors in Jamaica. She is conducting a a. Health policy analysis. b. Introspective analysis. c. Retrospective analysis. d. Comprehensive analysis. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 42. Which of the following would be considered a positive correlation? a. David has increased the amount of exercising he’s been doing and has noticed a decrease in his weight. b. Sal has decreased the amount of sugar he eats and has experienced a decrease in the number of headaches he typically has. c. Tina has experienced a decrease in grades but the amount of TV she has been watching has increased. d. None of the above Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 36-37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 43. When both variables of a correlational study decrease, the relationship involves a a. Positive correlation. b. Negative correlation. c. Weak correlation. d. Strong correlation. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 36-37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 41 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 44. A coefficient value of _____ and above generally indicates a strong correlation. a. r = 0.20 b. r = 0.40 c. r = 0.60 d. r = 0.80 Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 45. One of the limits of a correlational study is that a. It does not provide researchers with reliable information if the coefficient value is less than 0.30. b. It does not provide information on the strength of a relationship between two variables. c. It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. d. It does not recognize negative correlations. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 36-37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 46. Christy wants to explore whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables, therefore she would want to design a(n) a. Experimental research study. b. Correlational study. c. Case study. d. Focus group study. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 47. The _____ hypothesis of an experiment assumes no relationship between two variables. a. Negative b. Research c. Alternative d. Null Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 42 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 48. Dr. Rooftop is conducting a study to determine the effects of caffeine on memory. What type of study is he using? a. Case study b. Correlational study c. Experimental research study d. Non-experimental research study Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 49. _____ is the independent variable in a study on the effects of caffeine on memory. a. Caffeine b. Memory c. The memory test d. The type of memory Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 50. The variable manipulated or controlled in an experimental study is called the a. Dependent variable. b. Independent variable. c. Correlational variable. d. Null hypothesis. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 51. The outcome variable of the experimental research design is called the a. Independent variable. b. Dependent variable. c. Retrospective analysis. d. Null hypothesis. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 43 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 52. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the independent variable would be a. Stress. b. Mental illness. c. Age. d. Gender. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 53. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the dependent variable would be a. Stress. b. Mental illness. c. Age. d. Gender. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 54. Juanita is part of an experimental study where she receives a special treatment or condition. Which type of group is she a part of? a. The experimental group b. The control group c. The case study group d. The epidemiological group Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 55. In order to generalize the results of a study to the larger population, researchers must a. Test the entire population rather than a subset of the population. b. Select subjects based on the outcomes they hope to produce. c. Include data from at least 100 subjects. d. Select a random sample of subjects who are representative of the population being studied. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 39Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 44 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 56. A random _____ involves a group of people who have an equal chance of participating in an experimental study and who will be representative of the population to be studied. a. Recruitment b. Assignment c. Sample d. Disbursement Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 39-40 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 57. Researchers would conduct a _____ study to investigate the effects of cardiovascular disease over a 10-year period for one group of males ages 40–45. a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Qualitative Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 40 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 58. One disadvantage of a longitudinal study is that a. It is less reliable than cross-sectional studies. b. It is often too short. c. It only studies one individual at a time. d. Attrition rates influence participation levels. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 40 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 59. The Framingham Heart Study (1949) was an example of the use of a _____ study. a. Qualitative b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional d. Correlational Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 40 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 45 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 60. The purpose of the Framingham Heart Study (1949) was to a. Help identify the personal habits and traits that contributed to the development of coronary heart disease. b. Determine whether a correlation existed between age and one’s risk of developing coronary heart disease. c. Measure the effectiveness of new heart medications designed to control coronary heart disease. d. Provide researchers with guidelines for diagnosing coronary heart disease. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 61. Mel is conducting a cross-sectional study on the health behaviors of teenagers. He will inform the research subjects that their health behaviors will be measured _____ during the study. a. One time b. Two times c. Three times d. None of the above Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 43 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 62. Compared to a longitudinal study, one advantage of the cross-sectional research design is that a. The same group of subjects is measured multiple times to ensure accurate results. b. The varied subject groups allow for more variability in results. c. It is shorter in design. d. It is longer in design. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 43 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 63. A pre-test, or baseline measure, is used with a(n) _____ study. a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. Intervention d. Qualitative Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 43 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 64. Intervention studies are also called _____ studies. a. Cross-sectional b. Pretest-posttest c. Posttest d. Case Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 43 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 65. Martina is part of a study on heart rate and exercise. Her heart rate is measured before walking on a treadmill and then again after walking on the treadmill. What type of study is she participating in? a. Longitudinal b. Cohort c. Intervention d. Directional Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 43 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 66. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Correlational tests are considered experimental tests. b. Cross-sectional studies incorporate pre-test/post-test procedures. c. Longitudinal studies are at an advantage over other studies because of attrition rates. d. Intervention studies that do not include control groups limit the researcher’s ability to determine the true effectiveness of the intervention. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 43 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 67. The Stanford Three Community Study utilized a(n) _____ research design. a. Cross-sectional b. Intervention c. Qualitative d. Organizational Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 42 (Box 2.2) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 47 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 68. The Stanford Three Community Study was instrumental in a. Providing a variety of treatments for the reduction of mental illness. b. Conducting seminars on recognizing depressive symptoms. c. Organizing and developing pharmacological manuals for the proper dispensation of medication. d. Demonstrating the effectiveness of mass media in changing health behaviors. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 42 (Box 2.2) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 69. _____ studies measure the impact of an intervention in the subject’s natural environment rather than in a laboratory. a. Randomized b. Community-based c. Eligibility-based d. Cohort-based Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 42 (Box 2.2) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 70. The Johns Hopkins study of asthma in the opening story of Chapter 2 is an example of a(n) a. Randomized clinical trial. b. Intervention study. c. Community-based study. d. Prospective study. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 44 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 71. A randomized clinical trial tests a. The strength of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation. b. The degree to which two variables are related. c. The effectiveness of new drugs. d. The effects of random sampling in research subject selection. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 44 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 48 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 72. What is the required order in which new drugs/medication must be tested according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? a. Animal testing, laboratory testing, human testing b. Laboratory testing, animal testing, human testing c. Human testing, laboratory testing, animal testing d. Animal testing, human testing, laboratory testing Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 44 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 73. The _____ design addresses the ethical concern of time delays for randomized clinical trials. a. Cross-sectional b. Post-test c. Case study d. Pre-post-post-test Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 44 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 74. Lee is in the process of designing a research study focusing on stress and heart disease. He understands that he will not be able to control for variables such as age, gender and ethnicity. Based on his concerns that these variables may impact the results of his study, Lee’s supervisor recommends he use a _____. a. Longitudinal research design. b. Pre-test-post-test design. c. Qualitative design. d. Quasi-experimental design. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 44 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 75. A disadvantage of the quasi-experimental design is that a. Researchers are unable to demonstrate a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. b. The study has strict controls for variables such as age and ethnicity. c. It contains 2 control groups rather than 1. d. All of the above are disadvantages of the quasi-experimental design. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 45 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 49 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 76. How did society initially discover what was going on with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? a. Researchers held a public forum to disclose what they had been doing. b. An internal review board examined the study and declared it unethical. c. An investigator with the U.S. Public Health Service informed the Associated Press about the study. d. The subjects involved in the study informed their families, who in turn leaked it to the media. Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 47 (Box 2.3) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 77. Attention to the abuse of human subjects was prompted by discoveries after a. World War I b. World War II c. The Civil War d. The Iraq War Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 49 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 78. The _____ was the first formal document defining the rules of conduct for research involving human subjects. a. Tuskegee Code b. Stanford Prison Code c. Nuremburg Code d. Framingham Code Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 49 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 79. The Declaration of Human Rights is a document developed and approved by the original members of the a. United Nations. b. Nuremburg Trials. c. World Medical Society. d. American Psychological Association. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 49 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 50 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 80. Jessie’s grandmother read about a medical study being conducted on senior citizens. She expresses an interest in the study but tells Jessie she has some concerns about whether or not the study will follow ethical protocol (Jessie’s grandmother is familiar with the results of the Johns Hopkins study on asthma). Jessie tells her grandmother that a(n) _____ has been established to ensure protection of human subjects in research studies; therefore, she recommends her grandmother consider participating in the study. a. Bill of Patient Rights b. White House Special Commission c. Institutional Review Board d. Subject Review Panel Correct Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 51 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Applied 81. The Stanford Prison Experiment was initially designed to examine a. Interpersonal dynamics. b. The effects of physical harm among prison guards and prison inmates. c. The effects of psychological harm among prison guards and prison inmates. d. The role of one’s education level on interpersonal relations. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 51 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 82. Why was the Stanford Prison Experiment halted earlier than intended? a. All of the mock prison inmates quit the experiment due to stress. b. The emotional impact on the prison guards and inmates was far greater than expected. c. An Institutional Review Board stopped the experiment. d. The mock prison guards quit the experiment due to the living conditions in the study. Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 52 (Box 2.6) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 83. The _____ identified three fundamental, ethical principles for the protection of human subjects. a. World Medical Association b. National Research Act of 1974 c. National Commission of Biomedical Research and Regulation d. Belmont Report Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 53-54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 51 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 84. _____ is an ethical principle requiring researchers to protect research subjects by maximizing potential benefits and minimizing potential harm. a. Justice b. Beneficence c. Respect for persons d. Informed consent Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 85. Which of the following is NOT one of the main principles of the Belmont Report? a. Human welfare b. Respect for persons c. Beneficence d. Justice Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 86. Individuals who are unable to understand the research design and to give consent responsibly are considered to have a. Diminished mental capacity. b. A mental illness. c. A physical disability. d. Reduced consciousness. Correct Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 52 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 87. Which of the following is a U.S. regulation guiding emergency medical research without informed consent? a. Additional evidence is needed to determine an experimental treatment’s safety or efficacy. b. The participant is incapable of consent due to their medical condition. c. Researchers have observed a number of special protections including “community consultation.” d. All of the above Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 55 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 88. Of the conditions necessary for emergency medical research without informed consent, _____ is the most difficult concept to demonstrate. a. “Life-threatening condition” b. “Community consultation” c. “Diminished mental capacity” d. “Beneficence” Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 55 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 89. _____ must clearly explain the activities required of each research participant, as well as the risks and benefits of participating in the study. a. Beneficence b. Informed consent c. A consensual agreement d. The rights and responsibilities agreement Correct Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 53 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 90. When participating in a research study, subjects are a. Responsible for requesting an informed consent agreement before participating in the study. b. Allowed to read the results upon the completion of the study but not allowed their own personal copy. c. Entitled to a copy of the informed consent form but not until after the study is completed. d. Free to discontinue their participation at any time. Correct Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 56 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 54 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. One of the roles of an epidemiologist is to determine the origins of disease. Correct Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 2. Measurements such as “incidence” and “prevalence” are considered to be specific indicators of the health of a community. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 30-31 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 3. The type of data to be collected is irrelevant to the design of a research study. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 4. The purpose of proximal and distal data is to explain the occurrence of the problem rather than to count the number of occurrences. Correct Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 32-33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 5. A case study is a type of quantitative research design. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 55 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 6. Both case studies and focus groups yield indepth information but from different types of populations. Correct Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 35-36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 7. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient provides qualitative research data. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 8. A coefficient value of 0.21–0.51 represents a weak correlation. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 36 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 9. An increase in height and a decrease in weight is an example of a negative correlation. Correct Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 10. Correlation implies causality. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 11. An experimental study may contain multiple independent variables. Correct Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 56 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods 12. The control group is also called the experimental group. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 13. The most significant finding of the Framingham Heart Study was that over 5000 individuals developed heart disease over the course of a 10-year period. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 14. The Framingham Heart Study was completed in the year 2000. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 40 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 15. Generally speaking, cross-sectional studies require more time than do longitudinal studies. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 41 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 16. Intervention studies may be experimental or quasi-experimental. Correct Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 45-46 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 17. The Stanford Prison Experiment was investigated for physical harm to subjects rather than emotional or psychological harm. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 51-53 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 57 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 18. The research subjects in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study were informed that they had syphilis before the study began. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 47 (Box 2.3) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 19. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was the first to use human subjects as “clinical material, not people.” Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 46 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 20. The World Medical Association states that the principle of informed consent must be adhered to with every research study conducted on humans, regardless of whether or not the subject has diminished mental capacity. Correct Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 58 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. What are the two general types of research methods used in health psychology? Correct Answer: non-experimental studies and experimental studies Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 2. _____ studies are used when the goal of the researcher is to gather non-statistical data. Correct Answer: Qualitative Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 33 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 3. One common correlation used as a gross measure of health status is the relationship between a person’s _____ and _____. Correct Answer: height; weight Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 4. The _____ hypothesis assumes a relationship exists between two variables. Correct Answer: research Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 37 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 5. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in the following case vignette: Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of stress on memory retention. Correct Answer: independent variable: stress; dependent variable: memory retention Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 39 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Conceptual 6. The Framingham Heart Study was the first to demonstrate an association between coronary heart disease and _____. Correct Answer: environmental causes Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 59 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1st Edition 7. A _____ adjusts for the fact that researchers cannot always control every independent variable in a study. Correct Answer: quasi-experimental design Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 45 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 8. The _____ is a system of national and local research review boards responsible for protecting human subjects in research studies. Correct Answer: Institutional Review Board (IRB) Difficulty: 2 Page ref: 51 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 9. The Stanford Prison Experiment lasted _____ days. Correct Answer: 6 Difficulty: 3 Page ref: 52 (Box 2.6) Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 10. _____ is an ethical principle requiring the absence of bias in selection for or exclusion from research. Correct Answer: Justice Difficulty: 1 Page ref: 54 Topic: B-Heading Objective: Factual 60 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Research Methods ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Identify and explain the 5 classic indicators of health. 2. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences of experimental and non-experimental research designs. Include a description of the specific study designs for both types. 3. Discuss the ethical violations of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and how these types of violations are monitored in modern-day research. 4. Provide a description of the Stanford Prison Experiment and explain how it was harmful to the research subjects. 5. Explain the purpose of the Institutional Review Board. Include a discussion of the history of ethical boards/guidelines, including the creation of the Nuremburg Code of 1947. 61 Copyright 2011©Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.